DETAIL SSCP EXPLANATION - FREE PDF QUIZ 2025 ISC FIRST-GRADE SSCP RELIABLE TEST PRACTICE

Detail SSCP Explanation - Free PDF Quiz 2025 ISC First-grade SSCP Reliable Test Practice

Detail SSCP Explanation - Free PDF Quiz 2025 ISC First-grade SSCP Reliable Test Practice

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ISC System Security Certified Practitioner (SSCP) Sample Questions (Q766-Q771):

NEW QUESTION # 766
Which of the following is the simplest type of firewall ?

  • A. Dual-homed host firewall
  • B. Stateful packet filtering firewall
  • C. Packet filtering firewall
  • D. Application gateway

Answer: C

Explanation:
A static packet filtering firewall is the simplest and least expensive type of firewalls, offering minimum security provisions to a low-risk computing environment.
A static packet filter firewall examines both the source and destination addresses of the incoming data packet and applies ACL's to them. They operates at either the Network or Transport layer.
They are known as the First generation of firewall.
Older firewalls that were only packet filters were essentially routing devices that provided access control functionality for host addresses and communication sessions. These devices, also known as stateless inspection firewalls, do not keep track of the state of each flow of traffic that passes though the firewall; this means, for example, that they cannot associate multiple requests within a single session to each other. Packet filtering is at the core of most modern firewalls, but there are few firewalls sold today that only do stateless packet filtering. Unlike more advanced filters, packet filters are not concerned about the content of packets. Their access control functionality is governed by a set of directives referred to as a ruleset. Packet filtering capabilities are built into most operating systems and devices capable of routing; the most common example of a pure packet filtering device is a network router that employs access control lists.
There are many types of Firewall:
Application Level Firewalls ?Often called a Proxy Server. It works by transferring a copy of each accepted data packet from one network to another. They are known as the Second generation of firewalls.
An application-proxy gateway is a feature of advanced firewalls that combines lower-layer access control with upper-layer functionality. These firewalls contain a proxy agent that acts as an intermediary between two hosts that wish to communicate with each other, and never allows a direct connection between them. Each successful connection attempt actually results in the creation of two separate connections--one between the client and the proxy server, and another between the proxy server and the true destination. The proxy is meant to be transparent to the two hosts--from their perspectives there is a direct connection. Because external hosts only communicate with the proxy agent, internal IP addresses are not visible to the outside world. The proxy agent interfaces directly with the firewall ruleset to determine whether a given instance of network traffic should be allowed to transit the firewall.
Stateful Inspection Firewall - Packets are captured by the inspection engine operating at the network layer and then analyzed at all layers. They are known as the Third generation of firewalls.
Stateful inspection improves on the functions of packet filters by tracking the state of connections and blocking packets that deviate from the expected state. This is accomplished by incorporating greater awareness of the transport layer. As with packet filtering, stateful inspection intercepts packets at the network layer and inspects them to see if they are permitted by an existing firewall rule, but unlike packet filtering, stateful inspection keeps track of each connection in a state table.
While the details of state table entries vary by firewall product, they typically include source IP address, destination IP address, port numbers, and connection state information.
Web Application Firewalls - The HTTP protocol used in web servers has been exploited by attackers in many ways, such as to place malicious software on the computer of someone browsing the web, or to fool a person into revealing private information that they might not have otherwise. Many of these exploits can be detected by specialized application firewalls called web application firewalls that reside in front of the web server. Web application firewalls are a relatively new technology, as compared to other firewall technologies, and the type of threats that they mitigate are still changing frequently. Because they are put in front of web servers to prevent attacks on the server, they are often considered to be very different than traditional firewalls.
Host-Based Firewalls and Personal Firewalls - Host-based firewalls for servers and personal firewalls for desktop and laptop personal computers (PC) provide an additional layer of security against network-based attacks. These firewalls are software-based, residing on the hosts they are protecting--each monitors and controls the incoming and outgoing network traffic for a single host. They can provide more granular protection than network firewalls to meet the needs of specific hosts.
Host-based firewalls are available as part of server operating systems such as Linux, Windows, Solaris, BSD, and Mac OS X Server, and they can also be installed as third-party add-ons.
Configuring a host-based firewall to allow only necessary traffic to the server provides protection against malicious activity from all hosts, including those on the same subnet or on other internal subnets not separated by a network firewall. Limiting outgoing traffic from a server may also be helpful in preventing certain malware that infects a host from spreading to other hosts.11 Host- based firewalls usually perform logging, and can often be configured to perform address-based and application-based access controls Dynamic Packet Filtering ?Makes informed decisions on the ACL's to apply. They are known as the Fourth generation of firewalls.
Kernel Proxy - Very specialized architecture that provides modular kernel-based, multi-layer evaluation and runs in the NT executive space. They are known as the Fifth generation of firewalls.
The following were incorrect answers:
All of the other types of firewalls listed are more complex than the Packet Filtering Firewall.


NEW QUESTION # 767
Who can best decide what are the adequate technical security controls in a computer-based application system in regards to the protection of the data being used, the criticality of the data, and it's sensitivity level ?

  • A. Data or Information Owner
  • B. Data or Information user
  • C. System Manager
  • D. System Auditor

Answer: A

Explanation:
The data or information owner also referred to as "Data Owner" would be the best person. That is the individual or officer who is ultimately responsible for the protection of the information and can therefore decide what are the adequate security controls according to the data sensitivity and data criticality. The auditor would be the best person to determine the adequacy of controls and whether or not they are working as expected by the owner.
The function of the auditor is to come around periodically and make sure you are doing what you are supposed to be doing. They ensure the correct controls are in place and are being maintained securely. The goal of the auditor is to make sure the organization complies with its own policies and the applicable laws and regulations.
Organizations can have internal auditors and/ or external auditors. The external auditors commonly work on behalf of a regulatory body to make sure compliance is being met. For example CobiT, which is a model that most information security auditors follow when evaluating a security program. While many security professionals fear and dread auditors,
they can be valuable tools in ensuring the overall security of the organization. Their goal is
to find the things you have missed and help you understand how to fix the problem.
The Official ISC2 Guide (OIG) says:
IT auditors determine whether users, owners, custodians, systems, and networks are in
compliance with the security policies, procedures, standards, baselines, designs,
architectures, management direction, and other requirements placed on systems. The
auditors provide independent assurance to the management on the appropriateness of the
security controls. The auditor examines the information systems and determines whether
they are designed, configured, implemented, operated, and managed in a way ensuring
that the organizational objectives are being achieved. The auditors provide top company
management with an independent view of the controls and their effectiveness.
Example:
Bob is the head of payroll. He is therefore the individual with primary responsibility over the
payroll database, and is therefore the information/data owner of the payroll database. In
Bob's department, he has Sally and Richard working for him. Sally is responsible for
making changes to the payroll database, for example if someone is hired or gets a raise.
Richard is only responsible for printing paychecks. Given those roles, Sally requires both
read and write access to the payroll database, but Richard requires only read access to it.
Bob communicates these requirements to the system administrators (the "information/data
custodians") and they set the file permissions for Sally's and Richard's user accounts so
that Sally has read/write access, while Richard has only read access.
So in short Bob will determine what controls are required, what is the sensitivily and
criticality of the Data. Bob will communicate this to the custodians who will implement the
requirements on the systems/DB. The auditor would assess if the controls are in fact
providing the level of security the Data Owner expects within the systems/DB. The auditor
does not determine the sensitivity of the data or the crititicality of the data.
The other answers are not correct because:
A "system auditor" is never responsible for anything but auditing... not actually making
control decisions but the auditor would be the best person to determine the adequacy of
controls and then make recommendations.
A "system manager" is really just another name for a system administrator, which is
actually an information custodian as explained above.
A "Data or information user" is responsible for implementing security controls on a day-to-
day basis as they utilize the information, but not for determining what the controls should
be or if they are adequate.
References:
Official ISC2 Guide to the copyright CBK, Third Edition , Page 477
Schneiter, Andrew (2013-04-15). Official (ISC)2 Guide to the copyright CBK, Third Edition :
Information Security Governance and Risk Management ((ISC)2 Press) (Kindle Locations
294-298). Auerbach Publications. Kindle Edition.
Harris, Shon (2012-10-25). copyright All-in-One Exam Guide, 6th Edition (Kindle Locations
3108-3114).
Information Security Glossary
Responsibility for use of information resources


NEW QUESTION # 768
In a Public Key Infrastructure, how are public keys published?

  • A. Through digital certificates.
  • B. They are not published.
  • C. They are sent via e-mail.
  • D. They are sent by owners.

Answer: A

Explanation:
Public keys are published through digital certificates, signed by certification authority (CA), binding the certificate to the identity of its bearer.
A bit more details:
Although "Digital Certificates" is the best (or least wrong!) in the list of answers presented, for the past decade public keys have been published (ie: made known to the World) by the means of a LDAP server or a key distribution server (ex.: http://pgp.mit.edu/). An indirect publishing method is through OCSP servers (to validate digital signatures' CRL)


NEW QUESTION # 769
The security of a computer application is most effective and economical in which of the following cases?

  • A. The system is procured off-the-shelf.
  • B. The system is customized to meet the specific security threat.
  • C. The system is originally designed to provide the necessary security.
  • D. The system is optimized prior to the addition of security.

Answer: C

Explanation:
Section: Security Operation Adimnistration
Explanation/Reference:
The earlier in the process that security is planned for and implement the cheaper it is. It is also much more efficient if security is addressed in each phase of the development cycle rather than an add-on because it gets more complicated to add at the end. If security plan is developed at the beginning it ensures that security won't be overlooked.
The following answers are incorrect:
The system is optimized prior to the addition of security. Is incorrect because if you wait to implement security after a system is completed the cost of adding security increases dramtically and can become much more complex.
The system is procured off-the-shelf. Is incorrect because it is often difficult to add security to off-the shelf systems.
The system is customized to meet the specific security threat. Is incorrect because this is a distractor. This implies only a single threat.


NEW QUESTION # 770
Which of the following can be defined as an Internet protocol by which a client workstation can dynamically access a mailbox on a server host to manipulate and retrieve mail messages that the server has received and is holding for the client?

  • A. PEM
  • B. SMTP
  • C. IMAP4
  • D. MIME

Answer: C

Explanation:
Section: Network and Telecommunications
Explanation/Reference:
RFC 2828 (Internet Security Glossary) defines the Internet Message Access Protocol, version 4 (IMAP4) as an Internet protocol by which a client workstation can dynamically access a mailbox on a server host to manipulate and retrieve mail messages that the server has received and is holding for the client.
IMAP4 has mechanisms for optionally authenticating a client to a server and providing other security services.
MIME is the MultiPurpose Internet Mail Extension. MIME extends the format of Internet mail to allow non-US- ASCII textual messages, non-textual messages, multipart message bodies, and non-US-ASCII information in message headers.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is a TCP-based, application-layer, Internet Standard protocol for moving electronic mail messages from one computer to another.
Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) is an Internet protocol to provide data confidentiality, data integrity, and data origin authentication for electronic mail.
Source: SHIREY, Robert W., RFC2828: Internet Security Glossary, may 2000.


NEW QUESTION # 771
......

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